1
2
  -2023
  

( )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
          
-
1.(a)        
()           ?
2.    ?          

-
3.               ?
4.       ?     
       
2
2
-
5.    ?    ?       
    ?
6.     ?        
   
-
7.        
8.(a)          
(b)          
3
2
  -2023
  

( )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
          
-
1.(a)        
:   ,         
 ,              ,  
                   
   ,  "   "   ,    
        ,       
 
    :
1.            
         
2.              
 "    "           
   
3.  :         ,   
             
   
    :
1.         
             , 
4
2
           
       ,        
    
2. -   :        ,
      - ,     ,
   
3.              
               
     ,           
             
4.             
 ,               
              
,             
 :
              
,             ,    
              
   ,           
             
                
     ,        
    
                
    ,       ,    
               
()           ?
:            
     :      ,     
               
                
:
5
2
1.   ?
                  
            ,   
     ,          
             ,
             , 
             
 ,             
 
2.  ?
              ,    
               
     ,  -  -      
  ,             
  -       -    
   ,        ,  -   
         
3.    ?
               
         ,       
      ,            
  ,           
               
      
    :
        , ,     
 ,              
 :          ,   
        ,       
        
       :
    ,          
   ,            
  ,          
6
2
         ,   
    ,        
  :   ,     
-             
    
         ,      , 
          -  

2.    ?          

:               
         --      
          
1.    
              
               
      ,            - 

       ,   ,     
             ,     
        ,       
 :            
                
              
     
2.   
          
   
        ,         
     
 :               
        -        ,
7
2
                  

              , 
           ,     
     ,        
,        ,   
            ,   
          -        
 ,   
3.       
           
              
      
             
          
     
                 
     ,         
         
 
            
             :
o           
o        ()      , 
             
            
    (): , MRS (     
       )         
                
           
4.    
     $10               
 $2      $1           ,
   :
   5   0 , 4   1      
8
2
            ,    
          
       10          
 ,      
5.     
              
            , 
             ,  
 ,             
 ,              
     ,          
      ,         

-
3.               ?
:     
  ,               (
)               
           , , ,   
          ,         
  ,     
      , ,        
   , ,          ,   
                ,  
                  
,     
    
        :
1.    
               , 
          ,   
9
2
     ,          ,  
       
o    :          
      ,       
       ,    ,  
        ,    
  (     )      ,
    
o           
       -   ,   
       ,       
           
2.    
               
               
    ,          
o    ?             
       ,          
           , 
   ,           
o    :       
              
,            
,                
3.    
                
 ,         ,   
     ,       ,     
     
o    :            
   ,          
            
 ,       
10
2
o    : 
   -   
    ,  -    ,   
    ,        
   
       
               
         ,        
      
  ,           :
=(, ) = (, )=(, )
 QQQ    , LLL   ,  KKK        
       ,          QQQ
()  
   :          
   :         
   :          
      
1.  :              
               , 
         
2.  :            
           
3.        -    
       ,       
 
    
  ,         :
               
            
             ,  
        ,        

11
2
       
1.    :
o       (,  , )    
,           ,    
     
2.    :
o           ,     
   ,       ,  
    
3.    :
o             ,    
         ,      
       
         ,     
                 
      ,           
,  ,  ,          
4.       ?     
       
:  1:     
1.    :
)  
         
 "   "     
:
o      
o    
o   
o   (, )
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o  
)  
      
        
:
o    (       )
o        (       )
o        (    )
2. -  :
)                 
  ():
o     
o        
o : , ,  
  ():
o      
o    
o :  ,  ,

 ():
o      
o  =  + 
)  
     
     
       
  ,    
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3.    :
)    ())
     
 =  ÷ 
       (      )
)    ()
     
 =  ÷ 
        U-   
)   (  )
    
 =  ÷ 
  U-  
 =  + 
)   ()
       
MC = TC   ÷   
  -
AVC  ATC         
 2:     (LAC)
1.   :
     :
   
       
          
    
     
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2.    :

               
       
 " "             

) 
        
               
  
 -     -     
3.      :
     LAC  U-  ,       
   -  :
)    ( )
         
-   ,     
:
o  
o    
o   
o    
o  
)    
   
   
         
    
15
2
)    ( )
     
      
:
o  
o   
o   
o    
4.  :
)  
         
      
    
)  
    
     
    
5.       :
)  
         
        
        
)   
  
  
 
16
2
)  
 
 
 
6.  :
)   
     
            
        
)  
   

 
   
            
 :
  
 
 
 
  
     U-  LAC        
  ,  
           :
 
 
 
 
 
17
2
      :
1.     
2.        
3.     
4.         
5.      
             :
 
 
 
  
  /  
   ,          
          
            
             
         
-
5.    ?    ?        
    ?
:       ,      
               ,   
                
               
             , 
           
1.    ?
            ,     
  ,     ,        
18
2
  ,              
         ,          
   ;           
       ,      
     ,           
     ,          
2.    
    ,        ,  
          :
)       
  ,           
                
)  () 
             ,  ,
               
               
)     
                
  ,          ;    , 
            
    
)  
        ,       
             
         
)     
          ,     
           , 
        
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2
)    
 , ,           
              
             
         
3.           ?
  ,            
       :
)     
   ,   ( )   ( )    
              
      ,          
     
)  
              
           ,     
   ,     
)    
      ,      
                
            
  
d)    
:  ,   (  )       
   ,       ,      
    ,          

 :   ,             
        (     ),   
              
    ,        
20
2
4.    :   
 ,              
:
1.  :
o     
   (    -   , 
   ),      
   (- 
 ,     )
o          ,   ,   
   
2.    :
o        ,      
              
    
5.      
:
:            
 ( )             
    ( )  
          , 
           
 :
  :        
               
   
  :          ,
          ,   
       
6.    
        ,      ,
       ,           
      
21
2

                
,                 
               
   ,         , 
        ,    
        ,         
      
6.     ?        
   
:     
  ?
                
               
    -             
    :
1.   :           
o          
2.    :         
o :  ,      
      
3.  :       
o   ,      
o           
4.     :         
o   (, )
o   (  )
o    (   )
22
2
5.   :         
 
   :
  (, )
- 
   
   
  
    
   :
    :
      
        
    
      :
1. :  
o        ()  
()   
o           
2.      :
o  : MC = MR
o  : MC   MR      
3.   :
o    -     ( MC =
MR)
o             
o      MR   
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2
    :
1. - :
o   >   ()
o        
o :        
2.  :
o   = 
o          
o         
3. :
o   < ATC  > AVC (  )
o       
o :       
    
   :
    :
         
      
     
    :
1.    :
o          
o           
2.      :
o              
o        
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3.  :
o   ,       
o        
    :
1.  :
o   =  
o  MC  MR     
2. :
o       
o      
o       
    :
1.  :
o           
o       
2.  :
o      
o        
3.  :
o         
o       
   
   ?
     -   -    
   :
1.  :
o            
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o :    
2.  :
o -    - 
o :  ,  
3.  :
o      - 
o :  ,   
   
:
1.    :
o          
o       
2.   :
o          
o : 
3.  :
o   
o   
:
1.   :
o          
o    
2.  :
o    
o     
3.  :
o      
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o X-   
   
  :
1. :
o   
o -   
2.  :
o   
o  
3. - :
o   
o    

       ,        
   -      ,   
              
                

    :
                
        
       -    
     
           
        :
         
      
       
          
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2
-
7.        
:   :   

  (1772-1823)           
     ,  1817    "  
  "   ,         
 ,           
 
   ?
    ,              
           ,     
         
     
1.       
2.     
3.         
4.         
5.       
6.           
7.    
8.      
     ?
   
1.  :
o  ,     ,     ( )   
  
o            
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2
o          
2.
 :
o -   ,      
o   ( )     
o         
o            
3.  :
o            
o        
o       
 
     :

 : 100  
  : 80   
  : 60   
    : $10
        :
-   = (100 - 60) × $10 = $400
-    = (80 - 60) × $10 = $200
-    = 0 (   )
    
1.   
          
        
             
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2
2.  
      
     
        ,   
3.  
       
        
    ,   
4.    
           
        
      
    
1.   
          
         
      
2.    
      
   /     
        
3.  
        
       
    
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  
1.  
         
   
      
2.  
       
       
     
3.  
          
       
        
4. 
       
     
    
  
  ,       :
1.   
o         
o      
o      
2.  
o     
o    
o      
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3.  
o         
o        
o        
    
1.    
o      
o       
o      
2.  
o     
o    
o     
3.  
o     
o   
o      

   , 19       ,    
             , 
                
 
        :
   -   
       
          ?
         ?
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      ,        - 
            
             
8.(a)          
:!              
   2000       ,        
        
       
 ,          -       -
   .    . ,      
            ""  
 ,                
19                  
    ,          
              ,  
        ;        
    
      
1.      :
o            ,  
             
    ,         , 
              , 
    
2.        :
o   ,             
       ,     
           , 
    ,         
   
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2
3.   :
o             
 :
 :      - 
   
 :       
        ,  
   
o   ,            , 
           
4.        :
o       (         )
,           
  ,        
5.    :
o         ()     
 ,          ,
           
  
       :
           
 ,                
 
      :       
     ,       , 
     
    
           ,     
  :
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2
1.      :
o           ,    
  ,    (      
 )   (       )   
,         
2.    :
o                 
           ,   
              
   
3.       :
o               
            
              
  
4.       :
o   ,       (  
)   ()          
    ,       
           
5.         :
o        ,       
  ,       ,  
    ,            
    
     
   ,             
                
                   
              ,  
            

 ,                 
    ,           
35
2
   ,             ,  
                  
      
(b)          
:                
            ,     
               
         
      :
    
"  "              
,               
     ,   ,    
   
1.     :          
   ,               ,  
       
2.     :             
               
                ,  
       
     ?
     ,       ""    ,
 ""       :
         (       
),       ,         
         (      
 ),      ,        
               
36
2
         
1.          ,    
    
2.  :              
          
3.           ,    
        ,      , 
     ,      
         
1.       ,       
         ,     
2.  : ,    ,        
3.       (    ),     
    
  
                 ( ), 
 ( )          ,    
     ( ),            
  , ""      ,       
  - 
          :
1.     ,        
  -  
2.   :         
             
   
3.  :           
 ,         
     
               
                   
37
2
         ,         
        

                  
                  ,
  ,                
           ,    
             
"              
       ,      "